diff --git a/_psets/12.md b/_psets/12.md index 6eb4be2e11d094388c3cb94a2ccc72da358287ca..b4828d960949685239dfc205d6a13c2c0bac1037 100644 --- a/_psets/12.md +++ b/_psets/12.md @@ -9,22 +9,152 @@ title: Problem Set 12 {:.question} Show that the circuits in Figures 15.1 and 15.2 differentiate, integrate, sum, and difference. +I'll take as given that op amps with negative feedback keep their inputs at the same voltage. I also +assume ideal op-amps that draw no current from their inputs. All the proofs follow from [Kirchhoff's +current law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws) (aka conservation of charge). +I write $$R_f$$ to refer to the resistor in the feedback path. + +For the integrator, + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{V_i}{R} &= - C \frac{dV_o}{dt} \\ +\frac{dV_o}{dt} &= \frac{-V_i}{R C} \\ +V_o &= - \frac{1}{RC} \int V_i \mathrm{d}t +\end{align*} +$$ + +For the differentiator, + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{-V_o}{R} &= C \frac{dV_i}{dt} \\ +V_o &= -RC \frac{dV_i}{dt} +\end{align*} +$$ + +For the summing amplifier, + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{V_1 + V_2 + V_3}{R_i} &= -\frac{V_o}{R_f} \\ +V_o &= -\frac{R_f}{R_i} (V_1 + V_2 + V_3) +\end{align*} +$$ + +For the difference amplifier, neither input terminal is grounded. Call their voltage $$V_i$$. +Applying Kirchhoff's current law to the non-inverting input, + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{V_2 - V_i}{R_i} &= \frac{V_i}{R_f} \\ +\frac{V_2}{R_i} &= V_i \left( \frac{1}{R_i} + \frac{1}{R_f} \right) +\end{align*} +$$ + +Then looking at the inverting input, + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{V_1 - V_i}{R_i} &= \frac{V_i - V_o}{R_f} \\ +\frac{V_1}{R_i} - \frac{V_o}{R_f} &= V_i \left( \frac{1}{R_i} + \frac{1}{R_f} \right) \\ +\frac{V_1}{R_i} - \frac{V_o}{R_f} &= \frac{V_2}{R_i} \\ +V_o &= \frac{R_f}{R_i} (V_2 - V_1) +\end{align*} +$$ + ### (b) {:.question} Design a non-inverting op-amp amplifier. Why are they used less commonly than inverting ones? +Connect the signal you want to amplify to the non-inverting input. Then create a voltage divider, +connected to ground on one end, the inverting input in the middle, and the output on the other end. +I'll refer to the resistor connected to ground as $$R_g$$, and the feedback resistor $$R_f$$ as +before. + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{V_o - V_i}{R_f} &= \frac{V_i}{R_g} \\ +\frac{V_o}{R_f} &= V_i \frac{R_f + R_g}{R_f R_g} \\ +V_o &= V_i \left( 1 + \frac{R_f}{R_g} \right) +\end{align*} +$$ + +A potential downside is that the gain must be at least unity. A potential upside is that the input +impedance is very high. And, of course, the output isn't inverted. + ### (c) {:.question} Design a transimpedance (voltage out proportional to current in) and a transconductance (current out proportional to voltage in) op-amp circuit. +For a transimpedance amplifier, replace the input resistor in an inverting amplifier with a wire. +Then the current flowing through the feedback resistor is equal to the current at the input. So $$I += V_o / R_f$$, and $$V_o = R_f I$$. + +For a transconductance amplifier, replace the feedback resistor with a wire. Then the current out +is $$I = -V_i / R_i$$. If you want a non-inverting transconductance amplifier, connect the input +straight to the non-inverting terminal and connect the inverting terminal to ground via a resistor +$$R_g$$. Then $$I = V_i / R_g$$. + ### (d) {:.question} Derive equation (15.16). +The currents flowing through $$R_1$$, $$R_o$$, and $$C$$ must be equal. Call this current $$I$$ +(I'll take left to right to be positive for all currents). Because of the negative feedback, the +inverting input of the op-amp is a virtual ground. Recall that $$Q = CV$$, so $$dQ/dt = I = C +dV/dt$$. Thus we can express $$I$$ three ways: + +$$ +\begin{align*} +I &= \frac{V_{PD}}{R_1} \\ +&= -\frac{V_{RC}}{R_0} \\ +&= C \left( \frac{dV_{RC}}{dt} - \frac{dV_F}{dt} \right) +\end{align*} +$$ + +I'm using $$V_{RC}$$ to denote the voltage at the junction between $$R_O$$ and $$C$$. +Differentiating the first two lines yields + +$$ +\begin{align*} +\frac{dI}{dt} &= \frac{1}{R_1} \frac{dV_{PD}}{dt} \\ +&= -\frac{1}{R_0} \frac{dV_{RC}}{dt} +\end{align*} +$$ + +Thus + +$$ +\frac{dV_{RC}}{dt} = -\frac{R_0}{R_1} \frac{dV_{PD}}{dt} +$$ + +As such we can write the current through the capacitor as + +$$ +I = C \left( -\frac{R_0}{R_1} \frac{dV_{PD}}{dt} - \frac{dV_F}{dt} \right) +$$ + +This can still be equated + +$$ +C \left( -\frac{R_0}{R_1} \frac{dV_{PD}}{dt} - \frac{dV_F}{dt} \right) = \frac{V_{PD}}{R_1} +$$ + +So all that remains is to solve for $$dV_F/dt$$. + +$$ +\frac{dV_F}{dt} = \frac{V_{PD}}{R_1 C} + \frac{R_0}{R_1} \frac{dV_{PD}}{dt} +$$ + +This differs in sign from (15.16) because the book makes the positive current direction right to +left. + + ## (15.2) {:.question}